Cedera Akibat Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas di Indonesia: Faktor Risiko Serta Strategi Pencegahan dan Intervensi
Abstract
Abstrak
Cedera akibat lakalantas masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang besar, baik di Indonesia
maupun di dunia. Angka kematian akibat lakalantas terus meningkat setiap tahun seiring dengan pertambahan jumlah kendaraan bermotor. Namun, angka cedera dan kematian lakalantas di Indonesia sangat sulit untuk ditentukan secara pasti karena ketiadaan sistem surveilans terintegrasi. Para pengendara sepeda motor dan pejalan kaki digolongkan ke dalam kelompok berisiko tinggi. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang dapat meningkatkan risiko cedera dan kematian akibat lakalantas, yaitu faktor risiko pengendara, kendaraan, dan lingkungan. Mengenai faktor risiko pengendara, terdapat faktor perilaku, status kesehatan pengemudi, dan faktor-faktor yang tidak dapat dimodifikasi. Berdasarkan literatur yang diperoleh, perilaku tidak mengenakan helm, tidak menggunakan sabuk keselamatan, kebiasaan mengebut, konsumsi alkohol, penggunaan ponsel saat berkendara, kelelahan dan kantuk, serta usia muda dan pria dapat meningkatkan risiko cedera akibat lakalantas. Mengenai faktor kendaraan, kendaraan berusia tua dan tidak diperiksa secara rutin menjadi faktor risiko. Terkait faktor lingkungan, keberadaan persimpangan jalan, kondisi jalan rusak atau di bawah standar, serta keadaan matahari terbit, terbenam, dan malam hari meningkatkan risiko lakalantas yang menyebabkan cedera. Sebagai solusi, Pemerintah Indonesia perlu melaksanakan strategi pencegahan dan intervensi yang diadaptasi dari WHO, yaitu lima pilar sistem keselamatan jalan. Lima pilar ini terdiri dari pengelolaan keselamatan jalan, jalan dan mobilitas yang lebih aman, kendaraan yang lebih aman, penggunaan jalan yang lebih aman, dan respons pascalakalantas. Komunikasi dan kolaborasi yang kuat antarlembaga negara juga pihak-pihak terkait sangat diperlukan untuk menyelenggarakan strategi pencegahan dan intervensi cedera akibat lakalantas.
Road Traffic Injury in Indonesia: Risk Factors, Prevention and Intervention Strategies
Abstract
Road traffic injury remains a major public health issue in both Indonesia and the world. Traffic-related death rate continues to increase each year along with the growing number of motor vehicles. However, in Indonesia, road traffic injury and fatality rates are difficult to determine due to the lack of an integrated surveillance system. Motorcyclists and pedestrian are classified as high-risk groups. Several risk factors which can increase traffic-related injury and death risks include driver, vehicle and environmental factors. Driver risk factors consist of behavioural factors, driver’s health status and factors which cannot be modified. Numerous sources suggest that not wearing a helmet or safety belt, speeding habit, alcohol consumption, mobile phone use while driving, fatigue and sleepiness, young age and male may increase the risk of road traffic injury. Vehicles which are old and not inspected regularly appear to be a risk factor as well. Regarding environmental factors, urban junctions, damaged or substandard roads, sunrise, sunset and night time raise the risk of traffic accidents leading to injuries. To address these problems, the Indonesia government requires to implement prevention and intervention strategies adapted from WHO, namely five pillars of a road safety system. These include road safety management, safer roads and mobility, safer vehicles, safer road users and post-crash response. Strong communication and collaboration efforts involving government institutions and related parties are needed to carry out road traffic injury prevention and intervention measures.
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