Pajanan Timbal Terhadap Tingkat Kecerdasan Anak
Abstract
Latar belakang: Keracunan timbal menyebabkan penyakit organ multisistemik dengan gejala non spesifik pada kelainan neurologis, seperti penurunan IQ (intelligence quotient), ketidakmampuan belajar, pertumbuhan yang lambat, hiperaktif, perilaku antisosial, pendengaran terganggu serta pada tingkat paparan yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan ADHD (Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder). Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bahaya pajanan timbal terhadap tingkat kecerdasan anak.Metode: Merupakan systematic review dengan sumber data penelitian ini berasal dari 6 jurnal elektronik (DOAJ, ScienceDirect, CDC, NCBI, Springer Link, Proqeust). Inklusi jurnal termasuk; publikasi kurang dari 20 tahun kebelakang, diutamakan jurnal internasional, jurnal keracunan timbal yang berhubungan dengan penurunan kecerdasan, dan jurnal dengan kadar timbal dalam darah < 10 µg/dL. Didapatkan 29 jurnal yang terdiri dari 22 jurnal berbahasa Inggris dan 7 jurnal berbahasa Indonesia. Kata kunci yang digunakan yaitu keracunan timbal, lead exposure, lead poisoning, systematic review, children, Intelligent Quotient (IQ).
Hasil: Faktor yang signifikan pada penelitian ini, yaitu faktor lingkungan rumah dan pendidikan orangtua. Kadar timbal dengan penurunan IQ tertinggi dari empat negara yaitu di Negara Amerika dengan penurunan IQ tujuh kali lipat.
Kesimpulan: Dapat disimpulkan bahwa keracunan timbal dapat mempengaruhi kecerdasan. Adanya timbal dalam darah ≥5 µg/dL dapat menurunkan IQ sebesar ≥7,4 kali.
Kata kunci: Anak, Darah, Kecerdasan, Pajanan timbal
Lead Exposure To The Level Of Intelligence Children
Abstract
Background: Lead poisoning causes multisystemic organ disease with non-specific symptoms of neurological disorders, such as decreased IQ (intelligence quotient), learning disabilities, slow growth, hyperactivity, antisocial behavior, impaired hearing and high levels of exposure can cause ADHD (Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder). This article aimed to know the danger of lead exposure to the level of intelligence of children.
Method: This article is a systematic review with the source data of this research comes from 6 electronic journals (DOAJ, ScienceDirect, CDC, NCBI, Springer Link, Proqeust). Include journal entries; publication less than 20 years back, preferably international journals, lead poisoning journals related to decreased intelligence, and journals with blood lead levels <10 μg / dL. There are 29 journals consisting of 22 English-language journals and 7 Indonesian-language journals. Keywords used are lead poisoning, lead exposure, lead poisoning, systematic review, children, Intelligent Quotient (IQ).
Results: Significant factors in this study, namely poor environmental factors and parent education. Lead levels with the highest IQ decline from four countries namely in the United States with a sevenfold decrease in IQ.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that lead poisoning can affect intelligence. The presence of lead in blood ≥5 μg / dL can decrease IQ by ≥7.4 times.
Keyword: Child, Blood, Intelligence, Lead exposure
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