Determinan Kematian Ibu Serta Upaya dalam Penurunannya: Studi Literatur
Abstract
Abstrak
Latar belakang: Indikator untuk menetapkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat di suatu negara salah satunya adalah angka kematian ibu (AKI). AKI di dunia dalam 5 tahun terakhir cenderung tinggi dan mengalami stagnan, hingga di Indonesia tahun 2019 AKI masih sebesar 305 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup. Hal tersebut tidak sesuai dengan target di tahun 2015 yang sebesar 102 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup. Studi ini menilai determinan kematian ibu dikarenakan di Indonesia belum ada artikel systematic review yang membahas determinan kematian ibu.
Metode: Penelitian menggunakan studi literature berdasarkan database Google Scholar dan Pubmed. Penyortiran artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, meliputi artikel yang diterbitkan kurang dari tahun 2015 dan lebih dari tahun 2020, susunan tidak lengkap, berupa review, serta tidak meneliti tentang kematian ibu, faktor-faktor penyebab kematian ibu dan upaya menguranginya.
Hasil: Hasil penelitian dari tinjauan pustaka artikel dengan menggunakan kata kunci “determinants”, “maternal mortality”, “faktor”, dan “upaya mengurangi” diketahui terdapat 987 artikel (Google Scholar) dan 6633 artikel (Pubmed). Selanjutnya, didapatkan 8 artikel yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi untuk dianalisis.
Kesimpulan: Terdapat beberapa faktor yang dapat berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan angka kematian ibu diantaranya keberadaan riwayat penyakit, riwayat penggunaan KB, kondisi anemia, dan komplikasi yang terjadi selama kehamilan, persalinan, nifas, penanganan petugas yang terlambat, jumlah anak dan beban kerja ibu. Sehingga, diperlukannya pemberdayaan pada ibu hamil serta kerjasama dengan pemangku kepentingan untuk membuat kebijakan dalam perbaikan akses dan fasilitas pada pelayanan kesehatan yang menunjang dan berkualitas.
Kata kunci: Determinan, Faktor, Kematian ibu, Upaya mengurangi
Abstract
Background: One of the indicators to determine the degree of public health in a country is the maternal mortality rate (MMR). MMR in the world in the last 5 years has tended to be high and stagnant, so that in Indonesia in 2019 the MMR was still at 305 per 100,000 live births. This is not in line with the 2015 target of 102 per 100,000 live births. This study assessed the determinants of maternal mortality because in Indonesia there was no systematic review article that discussed the determinants of maternal mortality.
Methods: The study used a literature study based on the Google Scholar and Pubmed databases. Article sorting is done using inclusion and exclusion criteria, included articles published less than 2015 and more than 2020, the composition is incomplete, in the form of a review, and did not examine maternal mortality, the factors that cause maternal death and efforts to reduce it.
Results: The results of the research from the article review using the keywords "determinants", "maternal mortality", "factors", and "efforts to reduce" it was found that there were 987 articles (Google Scholar) and 6633 articles (Pubmed). Furthermore, obtained 8 articles that match the inclusion criteria for analysis.
Conclusion: There are several factors that can affect the increase in maternal mortality including the presence of a history of disease, history of family planning use, anemia conditions, and complications that occur during pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, late handling of officers, number of children and mother's workload. Thus, it is necessary to empower pregnant women and collaborate with stakeholders to make policies in improving access and facilities to support and quality health services.
Keywords: Determinants, Efforts to reduce, Factors, Maternal mortality
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