Factors Associated with Readiness of Healthcare Providers on Health Tourism in Bali, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Ida Bagus Maha Gandamayu; Ni Wayan Sukma Antari; I Ketut Swarjana

Ida Bagus Maha Gandamayu Anesthesiology Nursing Program, Faculty of Health, Institute of Technology and Health Bali, Bali, Postal Code 80225, Indonesia
Ni Wayan Sukma Antari Pharmacist Program, Faculty of Health, Institute of Technology and Health Bali, Bali, Postal Code 80225, Indonesia
I Ketut Swarjana Nursing Program, Faculty of Health, Institute of Technology and Health Bali, Bali, Postal Code 80225, Indonesia

Keywords: Healthcare providers, Health tourism, Readiness

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Background: Health tourism requires healthcare facilities to meet high-quality and international service standards. However, limited attention has been given to the readiness of healthcare providers to deliver such services. This study aimed to identify factors related to healthcare provider readiness for health tourism.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design involving 208 healthcare providers in Bali Province. Participants were recruited using non-probability consecutive sampling. Data were collected using an online questionnaire from June to July 2025. Univariate (frequency and proportion), bivariate (chi-square test), and multivariate (binary logistic regression) analyses were performed.

Results: Of the 208 respondents, the majority (63%) expressed high readiness for health tourism in Bali Province. Multivariate analysis showed that workplace factors [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 2.85; confidence interval (CI), 1.16–6.99; p = 0.022], education (adjusted OR, 2.19; CI, 1.066–4.51; p = 0.034), length of work (adjusted OR, 0.49; CI, 0.27–0.93; p = 0.029), and attitude (adjusted OR, 5.21; CI, 2.41–11.29; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with healthcare provider readiness for health tourism.

Conclusion: Although the majority of healthcare providers showed high readiness, a considerable proportion remain inadequately prepared. Workplace factors, education level, length of work, and particularly attitude were significantly associated with readiness. The strong influence of attitude underscores the importance of behavioral and motivational aspects, indicating that policymakers and healthcare managers should strengthen both organizational support and targeted training to enhance readiness for health tourism services.